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A history of Europe in pictures: 1900-1945
A history of Europe in pictures: 1945-2011
本想跟原作者说一下要翻译这个帖子，但是他把评论关闭了
I suppose to tell the author that I want to translate these two posts, but the comments are closed..

有两篇，这是第一篇
1900-1945
The first decades of the 20th century saw a sea change in European politics and culture, while two world wars altered the shape of the continent for ever
欧洲20世纪的前几十年，我们看到了欧洲政治、文化的巨变，两次世界大战永远的改变的欧罗巴的形态。

 

Flanders, August 1914，弗兰德斯（欧洲西北部），1914年8月。摄影师：Bettmann/Corbis

Act one, scene one of the event that shaped the 20th century: the world’s strongest army on the march at the beginning of the first world war in August 1914. Confident, unbloodied German troops make their way through a Flanders field. They personify the Schlieffen Plan, the great swing through Belgium and north-western France intended to encircle Paris. Instead, stubborn resistance by French, Belgian and British troops, and errors by German generals, blunted the thrust and led to four years of bloody stalemate on the western front. 首先，20世纪：1914年8月一战爆发初期当时全球最牛逼的军队（德国）的前进照片。自信但尚无经验的德军正穿越Flanders的田地。他们在执行施里芬计划（参见施里芬计划），the great swing（？这里拿捏不准，是指牛逼的一翼军队）穿越比利时和法国西北部，计划包围巴黎。但是，他们遭到了法国、比利时以及英国军队的强烈抵抗，还有德军将领的错误战术，导致西线被迫进入4年的僵持战。

Podoli，布拉格，1912年。摄影师：Scheufler Collection/Corbis。Podoli, Prague, 1912

These young people from the urban middle class have come to Podoli, south of the centre of Prague and on the eastern bank of the Vltava river, to enjoy the summer weather. The first world war led to the extinction of four imperial regimes including the Ottoman-Turkish, the Russian and the German. A federal Czechoslovakia (made up of Czechia and Slovakia, now separate) emerged from the “Czech lands” as one of several republics spawned by the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire of the Habsburgs in 1918. Podoli在布拉格的中南区域，Vltava（伏尔塔瓦）河的东岸，图片中的这些年轻人从城市来到这里享受夏日。一战消减了土耳其-匈牙利、沙俄、德国四个帝国政权。捷克斯洛伐克共和国（由捷克和斯洛伐克组成，已分离）是1918年奥匈帝国的哈普斯保皇室分解后的几个共和国之一。
英文原文写的是4个帝国的政权，然后只列出了3个国家。参见百科捷克斯洛伐克条目，添加上了匈牙利这个国家。

Woolwich, London, 1917，伍尔维奇，伦敦，1917年。摄影师：Bettmann/Corbis

Like milk bottles in a dairy, these heavy shells await delivery to a British army that could never get enough. All major belligerents underestimated shell expenditure, especially Britain, which started the war with a tiny army. A huge scandal over “bungling in high places,” notably about shells deficient in quantity and quality, erupted in London in May 1915. Asquith’s Liberal administration fell, forcing him into coalition with the Conservative party. David Lloyd George was appointed to a new ministry of munitions, to control an industry notable for employing large numbers of women. 好像废弃的牛奶瓶，这些弹壳等待被发往永远供应不足的大英军队。所有交战国都低估了弹壳的使用量，特别是初期以小兵力进入战事的大英。遭遇了巨大的耻辱，因为在弹药数量、质量上的明显劣势，伦敦在1915年5月被轰炸了。Asquith（参见H·H·阿斯奎斯）的自由党政府失败了，迫使他与保守党结盟了。David Lloyd George（参见大卫·劳合·乔治）被选举为新的政府首相，为提高工业（？），雇佣了大量女工。


Anatolia, Turkey, circa 1914-18 安纳托利亚(土耳其的亚洲部分) ，大约是1914年至1918年间。摄影师：Underwood & Underwood/Corbis

Turkey was “the sick man of Europe” for decades before war broke out in 1914. But Turkish troops distinguished themselves against stronger enemies on several fronts, as here, entrenched against Russia in Anatolia. With German help, they also defeated British, French and ANZAC forces when they invaded the Gallipoli peninsula in 1915. The Ottoman empire died after the war but Turkey was reborn as a modern, secular republic under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. 1914年战争爆发前的几十年，土耳其被称为“欧洲恶心的人”，但是土耳其军队因在各个前线抵抗着强敌，图片中，他们在安纳托利亚挖战壕抵抗俄军。仰仗德国的帮助，他们还在1915年加力波利登陆时击退了英国、法国和澳新军团。奥斯曼帝国在战后便消亡了，但土耳其却在Mustafa Kemal Atatürk（参见穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔蒂尔克）的领导下重生为一个现代的、不凡的（？secular字意为：世俗的、不朽的）共和国。


Berlin, March 1920，柏林，1920年5月。摄影师：Topical Press Agency/Hulton Archive

Defeated Germany underwent years of unrest after 1918, including a number of coup attempts by leftists wanting Soviet-style revolution, and rightwing revolts using ex-soldiers formed into “free corps”. The latter staged the “Kapp Putsch” in Berlin in March 1920, when aircraft dropped leaflets over the Potsdamer Platz in the heart of the city. A weak democratic government had decided to disband the Ehrhardt Brigade and other free corps. Captain Hermann Ehrhardt marched his men into town and declared Wolfgang Kapp the new chancellor of Germany. In a rare moment of unity, socialists and communists called a swift general strike. The revolt collapsed within a week. 德国在1918年一战战败后经历了多年的动荡不安，包括进行一些苏维埃式的左派激进改革，也有右翼势力把退伍老兵组成自由军团搞起义。后一阶段处于卡普政变（参见卡普政变）时的1920年5月，飞机在柏林市中心的波茨坦广场（参见波茨坦广场）撒下传单。脆弱的民主政府决定解散Ehrhardt Brigade以及其他几个自由军团。Hermann Ehrhardt（参见Hermann Ehrhardt）将军带领他的军队进入市区并且宣布Wlofgang Kapp（参见沃爾夫岡·卡普）为德国新总理。在这个极短的时间里，社会主义者和共产主义者称之为短罢工，动乱在一周内结束了。


Berlin, 1925，柏林，1925。摄影师：Heinrich Hoffmann/Hulton Getty

Adolf Hitler runs through his repertoire of rhetorical gestures while listening to a recording of his own speeches, for the benefit of his personal photographer. Despite his Austrian accent and harsh voice, Hitler was by all accounts（动词，把⋯⋯视为） a mesmeric speaker. The newsreels do not necessarily make this clear, but countless Germans attest to this dangerous gift. Hitler ordered Hoffmann to destroy the negatives, but Hoffmann disobeyed. Heinrich Hoffmann/Getty [This is a corrected version of the original caption] 希特勒在听他自己的演讲时磁带时也尽力展现着他的夸张手势（？），他的私人摄影师拍下这张照片。尽管他说话带着奥地利口音并且声音刺耳，希特勒被所有人视为有催眠术的演讲者。新闻不需要去清楚的说明这点，因为有无数德国人可以证明这个可怕的天赋。希特勒命令霍夫曼（希特勒的私人摄影师，参见Heinrich Hoffmann）销毁照片底片，但霍夫曼违令了。（本图为原版的修正版[没大明白]）


Berlin, 1936。柏林，1936年。摄影师：KPA/ZUMA/Corbis

The staging of the 1936 summer Olympics in Berlin was a propaganda coup for Hitler. The Nazis explicitly saw sport as training for war, and gymnastics as an expression of – and means of achieving – bodily purity. Here, German gymnasts perform en masse in the sort of choreographed demonstration characteristic of the Nazi era. 1936年的柏林奥运会舞台对希特勒来说是个宣传。纳粹党明目张胆的将体育视为战争训练，体操因为纯身体动作而被当做进取的象征（？这整一句好长，这样翻译没有谱）。图片里，德国体操运动员全体表演那种精心编排的舞蹈，展示出了纳粹那个年代的特征。


Eger, Czechoslovakia, 2 October 1938。艾格尔（匈牙利东北部？），捷克斯洛伐克。1938年10月2日。摄影师：Bettmann/Corbis

Three women raise their right arms to salute the German army as it enters the Sudentenland, the ethnically German western fringe of Czechoslovakia, ceded to Hitler under the Munich agreement of three days earlier. The betrayal of the Czechs marked the nadir of the Anglo-French policy of appeasement intended to forestall a war with the fascist powers of Germany and Italy. The ensuing U-turn by London and Paris came too late to save the rest of Czechoslovakia and Poland from Hitler. 三个女人举起她们的右手向德军敬礼，当他们进入Sudentenland（参见蘇台德地區）时，根据慕尼黑协议（参见慕尼黑协议），这个城市在3天前割让给了希特勒政府。被英法联盟于纳粹达成的极端的绥靖政策背叛的捷克避免先与德意法西斯挑起战争。后来英法态度的转变也来得太迟，以至于未能阻止希特勒吞并捷克斯洛伐克的其他国土和波兰。


Warsaw, 1943。华沙，1943年。摄影师：Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS

Terrified Jewish families surrender to German soldiers in the Warsaw ghetto in the spring of 1943. In January of that year, the residents of the ghetto rose up against the Nazis and held their ground for several months, but they were defeated after fierce fighting in April and May. This is perhaps the most famous photograph of the Holocaust, principally because of the small, neatly dressed boy in the large cap on the right of the picture. For almost 70 years, people have attempted to identify the boy. Numerous names have been suggested, but the mystery remains unsolved. 1943年华沙犹太人区的犹太人向德军投降。1943年1月，犹太区的居民起义反抗纳粹，并坚守了几个月阵地，但最终在4-5月在凶猛的火力下被击败。这张照片关于大屠杀（特指犹太人大屠杀）最有名的了，主要因为图片右边这个戴大帽子衣着整洁的小孩。大概70年来，人们试图确认他的身份，许多名字曾被想到，但谜题依旧。


Lodz, Poland, circa 1940-45。罗兹市，波兰，1940-1945年间。摄影师：Henrik Ross/Agence Vu

Ghetto workers employed to clean up faeces. An assignment as a “faecal worker” was usually a death sentence, as workers soon contracted typhus. Henryk Ross was a Polish Jew who worked for the Jewish Council in the quasi-autonomous Lodz ghetto, and took thousands of photographs of life under the Nazis. In 1944, when it became clear that the ghetto was to be liquidated, Ross buried his 6,000 negatives, returning after the war to reclaim them. Explaining why he had catalogued life in the ghetto, he said in 1987, four years before he died: “I was anticipating the total destruction of Polish Jewry, and wanted to leave a historical record of our martyrdom.” 犹太工人在清理粪便。“粪便工”的任务通常意味着死亡，因为工人会很快接触到斑疹伤寒症（参见斑疹伤寒），Henryk Ross（参见Henryk Ross）是一个波兰犹太人，曾经在罗兹市犹太区类似自治的犹太居民委员会（参见犹太居民居委会，第二次世界大战期间纳粹德国在犹太人集居地指定的犹太居民委员会）工作，在纳粹的眼皮子底下拍了几千张照片。1944年，当自治区基本要被屠城，Ross埋了6000多张底片，战后才掘出这些。在他逝世四年前的1987年，他如此解释当年在犹太区的生活：我料想到波兰犹太人会被毁灭，我想把我们被折磨的资料留给历史。


Kerch, Crimea, January 1942。刻赤，克里木半岛（前苏联欧洲部分南部的一个行政区和半岛），1942年。摄影师：Dmitri Baltermants/Corbis

Operation Barbarossa, Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union launched on 22 June 1941, flung some 150 divisions and 3 million men into battle along an 1,800-mile front from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Here, seven months later, at the southern end of the front, at Kerch in the Crimean peninsula (now part of an independent Ukraine), families identify the Soviet dead. Barely one week later, on 10 January 1942, Marshal Zhukov launched the great Red Army counterattack on the central front that forced the Germans to retreat for the first time. 巴巴羅薩行動（参见巴巴羅薩行動），希特勒入侵苏联开始于1941年6月22日，在从波罗的海到黑海的长达1800英尺的前线投入了150个师300万的人员。图片里，开战7个月之后，在战线的南端，克里木半岛的刻赤（现属乌克兰），大家在确认苏联死亡士兵的身份。但是将将一周之后，1942年1月10日，朱可夫元帅（参见朱可夫）下达了红军从战线中部出击的反击令，迫使了德军的首次撤退。


Berlin, May 1945。柏林，1945年5月。摄影师：TopFoto

A deceptively peaceful scene as a group of German officers huddle in a Berlin wood during the talks leading to the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich on 8 May 1945. The German forces in the north, Scandinavia and Holland, had surrendered to Field Marshal Montgomery on the 4th; on the 7th, General Jodl of the High Command surrendered all German forces to the allies at Reims in northern France; on the 8th (VE Day), Field Marshal Keitel signed the final surrender document after a delay caused by wrangling between the Americans and the Russians over who should sign on behalf of the allies. 一个虚伪的和平镜头，一组德国官员挤在柏林的树林里讨论1945年5月8日第三帝国(指希特勒统治下的德国[1933-1945])的无条件投降。在斯堪的纳维亚（北欧地名）和荷兰北方德军，已经在5月4日向蒙哥马利元帅（参见蒙哥马利）投降了；7日，在法国北部的兰斯，最高指挥部的约德尔上将（参见约德尔）命令所有德军向同盟国投降；8日（欧洲胜利日），凯特尔（参见凯特尔）元帅在美国-苏联之间关于同盟国利益争论导致的一点小拖延后在最终投降书上签字了。
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