在云南(In the Yunnan)

前言：

新开了一个分类——外文翻译。

这是第一篇译文。是几周前在译言上看到的原文，本想翻译完就提交到译言上。谁想到工作忙得拖了几周才完成，其实不是全完成。里面有相当一部分我都不确定翻译是否正确，也是因为这一点，我想，就发在自己Blog上好了，不去公共场所丢人了。。

在Twitter上我感叹了一下：以现在的英语水平，下次找原文翻译的话，只能找专业相关的。社科人文方面的文章还是难了点，累死，还不能确定译对了。。。

这便是，书到用时方恨少。

好了，简单的介绍一下这个文章里说的东西。关于《Yunnan Great Rivers Project》，我是不确定怎么翻译的，之前一直没找到中文，今天终于找到，叫《云南大河流域项目》，此文写作与2001年。我用这个关键词进行搜索，分别用了soso.com, sogou.com, baidu.com, google.com.hk，最终google.com.hk的表现最佳，第一条的链接就是我想要的，其他几家搜索引擎出来的都是论文什么：
滇西北生态旅游：http://www.northwestyunnan.com/

本文原文地址：http://today.duke.edu/2001/04/yunnan427.html

原文在译言上的地址：http://source.yeeyan.org/view/227317_e08/In the Yunnan

文中说了四江并流，我们的教科书都是说的三江并流。我找了一下，图片是这样的：

这里有两张图，四江并流其实就是包括图一里最左侧的独龙江。

好了，背景解释完毕，下面是原文和译文：

这被称为中国新的香格里拉，在西藏边缘，从世界最高的高原流向中国西南大陆的、亚洲最急湍的四条江河的流域（译者疑：教科书都说“三江并流”，又被书骗了？）。但在这偏远地区，环境问题依然不断。（global proportion意为“全球比率”？，那怎么译）

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It’s also where Duke University cultural anthropologist Ralph Litzinger (photo at right) will be headed for a year’s study as a Fulbright Scholar.

杜克大学的人类学家 Ralph Litzinger（译者：没看到真相），富布莱特奖学金的获得者，也将前往该地区进行为期一年的学习研究。

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Litzinger, who has secured a Fulbright-Hays faculty research grant and a second Fulbright grant through the Council for International Exchange of Scholars, plans to document and analyze how an American environmental group — The Nature Conservancy — is working with Chinese government officials, conservation leaders, environmental activists and indigenous Chinese minority groups to create a national park system to preserve the region. The Nature Conservancy has dubbed the effort the Yunnan Great Rivers Development and Conservation Project.

Litzinger，一大堆奖学金啊之类的巴拉巴拉巴拉。。。计划记录并分析美国自然保护协会如何与中国政府官员、环保领导（？）、环保积极人士以及当地少数名族人士一起建立自然公园以保护环境。美国自然保护协会以及为“云南大河开发保护计划”作了很大努力。

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“It’s a unique opportunity to look at something that is about local development and conservation issues, but it is also about new forms of globalization and especially global environmental activism in China,” said Litzinger, “I’m trying to bring those two strands together in the research.”

“这是观察当地开发和养护问题的唯一机会，同时也是全球化和全球环境激进化在中国的新形式”Litzinger说，“我在尝试将二者联系起来做研究”

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Home to some 10,000 plant species and 500 bird species, as well as several endangered species of animals, the northwest portion of China’s Yunnan Province (see map below) has been recognized as one of China’s most important biodiversity regions. The government banned logging in the area in 1999, after realizing massive flooding along the Yangtze River was a byproduct of deforestation during the Maoist period in China, spanning the1950s, ’60s and ’70s.

这里是中国最重要的生态区之一，位于云南西北部，有着10,000种特有植物、500种特有鸟类和多种濒临灭绝的珍惜动物。当中国政府意识到长江大量的洪水泛滥源于毛时代（50/60/70年代）的过度森林开发后，于1999年禁止了在这一区域伐木。

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What seems like a simple solution for a sound environment triggered a cascade of complex cultural and political issues.

这看起来是由环境引发的复杂的 文化和政治 问题的简单解决方式。

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“Seems right and good, because there’s been 30-40 years of indiscriminate deforestation. The problem is,” Litzinger explained, “logging and the timber industry was one of the main sources of income to the minority people living in the region, so now there’s been an economic crisis, which has given rise to new debates about the relationship between land use, biodiversity, conservation and development.

“看起来很对，因为这里已经持续了30-40年的过渡开发。问题是，”Litzinger解释道，“伐木和木材工业是当地少数民族的主要经济来源，所以现在那产生了经济危机，和关于土地利用、物种多样性，保护开发的新争议。”

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“What are they going to do to generate new sources of income? Government officials have turned to tourism for the answer.”

“他们会做什么以产生新收入来源？政府转向了旅游经济。”

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Tourism, he said, could replace the income of the minority groups, but questions of what types of tourism create the great challenge facing the Great Rivers Project. Workshops have brought together Tibetan officials, forestry officials and other conservationists to plan ways of convincing the Chinese government and National Sports Federation to halt permits for mountain climbing in the proposed national park. Tibetan people consider the Meili Snow Mountain (photo below) sacred and the move would respect indigenous religious beliefs but that would limit “adventure” tourism and mountaineering.

旅游，可以取代成为少数民族的新收入，但问题是（好像不译就很顺）旅游将让“云南大河流域项目”面临大难题。组委会联合了西藏政府官员、林业官员和其他的环保主义者一起讨论说服中国政府和联邦体育联盟（美帝国的？）以获取在该自然公园取得登山的资格。西藏人民认为梅里雪山是神圣的而这个举动应该尊重本地宗教信仰但应该限制探险性质的登山和旅游。

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Talk now centers on other options for eco-tourism, such as developing destinations and bringing the tourists into the area.

对话现在聚焦在生态旅游的其他选项，如目的地开发和将游客带往那片地区。

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“But many people see this as a really remote area — there’s no airport, it’s a 10-hour small bus ride on dirt roads to get up in this area. So should they develop roads? Is infrastructural development the answer? Once they get people up there, where do they stay? Should they build big hotels at scenic view spots? What should they do to develop tourism so people can continue to deal with the economic crisis that’s come with the logging ban?

“但有很多人觉得这已经够偏的了——没有机场，回程需要花10小时在泥路上。所以应该修路？整一些基础设施？一旦把游客送到这地方，他们住哪？在景点建一个大宾馆？应该做什么来开发旅游业以让人们可以在禁伐后增加收入？”

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“You can see how conservation issues are complexly and intricately tied up with developmental issues and poverty alleviation issues,” Litzinger said. “You have a confluence of these different interests coming together and the future of what’s going to happen in this region is very unclear. … No one knows if the national park will become a reality.”

“你可以看到环保问题是复杂的并且和经济开发、扶贫问题交杂在一起，”Litzinger说，“你面临一个多方面汇总并且这片地区的未来走向也是不确定的问题……没人知道自然公园是否会进入现实。”

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Litzinger’s current interest grew from previous research on the Yao and other ethnic minority groups in China. Last fall he produced a book, Other Chinas: The Yao and the Politics of National Belonging (Duke University Press), which dealt with socialist history and post-socialist reform agendas, and issues of cultural representation in minority regions of China.

Litzinger现在的兴趣来源于中国学者Yao和一些其他的少数民族群体的研究。去年秋天他（Litzinger）出版了一本书，《Other Chinas: The Yao and the Politics of National Belonging》，讨论社会主义历史和后社会主义改良议程、中国的少数民族文化回归问题。

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Research on China’s minority groups in the 1950s and ’60s was “very much geared to understanding class tensions,” he said, and created situations of arbitrary classification systems imposed on communities. The reforms in the 1980s “allowed people to rethink local realities and local histories against the grain of that previous class-based research” and opened a new interest in local cultural practices that had been considered politically dangerous or backward. Now Litzinger sees another danger in ethnic study, the tendency to romanticize minorities as the guardians of China’s most ancient traditions.

50/60年代调研中国少数民族是“very much geared to理解阶级矛盾”，他说，并创建独裁体系以欺骗一些团体（这样译忒不和谐了……）。80年代的改革“允许人们重新思考本地的实际情况和历史和之前阶级社会为何格格不入”，并且再次打开了原来被认为具有政治威胁、倒退的本地文化新潮。目前Litzinger在民族研究中发现了新的危机：将少数民族浪漫化为中国最古老习俗的继承者的趋势。

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“In the 1980s you started to find these really romantic depictions of minorities in museum exhibits and coffee table books … where the only way in which ethnic groups are presented is in ethnic costume, as if this is the only way you can be ethnic in reform China,” he said.

“80年代你开始寻找那些在博物馆展览品和文艺书籍里关于少数民族的浪漫描绘……同民族的人们只在装束上表现出一致，这也是在改革中的中国一个人能成为少数民族的唯一途径”，他说。

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“I also argue the flip side, that this is one of the few avenues available to people now to empower their identities, so you can’t totally dismiss this. We have to try to understand how people use different kinds of images to gain a new kind of recognition. … My point is you can’t mistake the form for historical context.

“我也注意到事情的另一面，这是外人获取他们信任的少数途径之一，因此你不能完全忽视它。我们有尝试分辩人们怎样用多种图案去获得新的认可。我的意思是我们不能误解历史背景。”

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“Part of what makes the Yunnan Great Rivers Project of interest is the way that global environmental agendas tend to see minorities as the guardians of ecological knowledge,” Litzinger said. “Minorities and the regions in which they live are being championed as a source for alternative and less environmentally destructive forms of development.”

“让云南大河流域项目变得有趣的部分原因是全球环保议程尝试去将少数民族看作生态学知识的继承人，”Litzinger说，“少数民族和他们生活的这片区域已经被倡导为无环境破坏的开发”

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That historical perspective will be a key to his study of how NGOs like The Nature Conservancy work to help manage the natural resources of the Great Rivers area, promote eco-tourism as an alternative economy and also protect the “traditional” cultures of the Tibetans and other ethnic minorities in the region. Litzinger’s work will include observing Nature Conservancy staff in their efforts to document indigenous cultural practices and ecological knowledge, seeing how the interviewers perceive and relate to villagers and how they report their findings.

历史的视角是他研究 NGO如何帮助管理大河流域的自然资源、促进生态旅游和保护该区域各民族传统文化 的关键。Litzinger的工作包括观察美国自然保护协会记录本土文化和生态学知识，观察者如何看待、联系村民，如何报道他们的发现。

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Litzinger, his partner and toddler son will pack up and depart for Yunnan Province in September. When he returns, he plans to write another book, this one tentatively titled The Greening of China.

Litzinger，他的伙伴和他那刚学会走路的孩子将在9月前往云南省。当他回来后，他计划写另一本可能会被命名为《中国的绿化进程》的书。

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